Outline of the Tea Party Platform Essay

Believe that heavy taxes are a burden for those who apply their personal liberty to work hard ? Need for government to protect the freedom of citizens with interference of the government that has exceeded its necessary size or scope. 2. Eliminate National Debt ? there is a need to have fiscal conservative policies at all levels of government ? narrow down the national debt for the good of the average American 3. Protect Free Markets ? Allow free markets to prosper without the infringement of the national government ? Belief that free markets should be protected and are the backbone of the U. S 4. Abide By the Constitution of The United States ? Belief that the U. S Constitution is the supreme law and should be held as so ? Constitution but be upheld in all areas, levels and branches of government 5. Promote Civic Responsibility ? Citizen involvement should be upheld ? Belief that citizen inolment directs the behaviors of the representatives both on a local and national level 6. Reduce the Overall Size Of Government ? Belief that a â€Å"bloated† or overcrowded bureaucracy leads to uneconomical spending ? Reducing the size of governement will than in turn help eliminate inefficiencies that result in deficit spending 7. Believe In The People ? Guaranteed freedoms for the American people will cause then to thrive and grow in a democratic, capitalist enviroment which allows individuals to achieve and go after achievements 8. Maintain Local Independance ? The strength of the Tea Party movement is the ability of citizens at the local level to establish their own platforms ? Belief that each citizen’s voice should be heard

Quality and patient safety in USA Essay

The purpose of this article is to drive attention to rising issues of quality care and patient safety in United States. In spite of launching major initiatives and investing heavily in recourses to improve patient safety, there has been no significant improvement in health care quality in past decade1. One of the challenges in measuring quality are developing accurate data system. Avoiding surgical complications by implementing WHO checklist guidelines, effective use of computerized physician order entry and electronic health records can foster safer, high quality care. Current state of quality and patient safety in USA Americans too often do not receive care that they need, or they receive care that causes harm. Care can be delivered too late or without full consideration of a patient’s preferences and values. Providers frequently overuse therapies that are not known to be effective, underuse therapies that are clearly recommended, and misuse therapies. At best, overuse of care leads to inefficiency and waste. Overuse may also threaten patient safety. Underuse represents missed opportunities to prevent disease or treat it effectively, and misuse may threaten patient safety and lead to additional illness, injury, or even death. In December 1999, the institute of medicine reported that medical errors cause up to 98,000 deaths and more than 1 million injuries each year in the United States2. From 2001 to 2005, total annual health care expenditure increased at a rate of 4.6 times the rate of the increase in the summery measure of quality of care. Annual total health care expenditures rose 6.5% (in 2005 dollars). During this time same period, quality increased at a rate of 1.4%. For heart disease, cancer and diabetes individually, quality increased at a rate of 2.6%, 1.9% and 0.1% annually, respectively. Expenditures increased at an annual rate of 4.4%, 9.0% and 4.9%, respectively3. Many times, our system of health care  distributes services inefficiently and unevenly across populations. Some Americans receive worse care than other Americans. These disparities may be due to differences in access to care, provider biases, poor provider-patient communication, or poor health literacy4. Disparities in quality of care are common: Blacks received worse care than Whites for 41% of quality measures. Hispanics received worse care than non-Hispanic Whites for 39% of measures. Poor people received worse care than high-income people for 47% of measures4. Challenge in quality measurement Health care quality measurement has long been a troublesome issue. The first hurdle is deciding what to measure and how to measure it. Once performance measure topics and technical specifications are finally agreed on for a given healthcare setting, the next—and biggest—problem is getting accurate, complete data quickly enough to derive useful measurements. Primary review of medical records, which are still overwhelmingly paper-based records, is often the only way to collect data with the level of clinical detail needed to assess care. This is extraordinarily labor intensive. Data gaps represent an area of major concern to multiple stakeholders and encompass a diverse array of data elements. Some data elements necessary to assess and improve quality of care are simply not available to those responsible for quality measurement and improvement activities both within and outside payer and/or care delivery organizations5. These data gaps are attributed to a number of different factors, including the burden of data collection; technology barriers to data collection; legal and/or technical barriers to sharing data among multiple clinicians or organizations involved in delivering or managing the care of a patient; and differing priorities among suppliers and users of the data5. Another challenge to quality measurement is to ensure the accuracy of data used to provide information about quality. Inaccurate data may result from several sources including: random or inadvertent errors by data collectors, missing data, inconsistent use of definitions and criteria for inclusion, inappropriate aggregation of data, and systematic miscoding6. Improving Quality and patient safety Surgical care and its attendant complications represent a substantial burden of disease worthy of attention. Surgical complications are a considerable  cause of death and disability around the world7. Data suggest that at least half of all surgical complications are avoidable8. Previous efforts to implement practices designed to reduce surgical-site infections or anesthesia-related mishaps have been shown to reduce complications significantly8. A growing body of evidence also links teamwork in surgery to improved outcomes, with high-functioning teams achieving significantly reduced rates of adverse events8. Implementing the 19-item WHO safe-surgery checklist can significantly reduce surgical complications and morbidity. The checklist consists of an oral confirmation by surgical teams of the completion of the basic steps for ensuring safe delivery of anesthesia, prophylaxis against infection, effective teamwork, and other essential practices in surgery8. Information technology had consistently been identified as an important approach for health quality improvement. Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) can improve medication safety, reduce adverse drug reactions, reduce unnecessary variation in care, and improving efficiency of care9. Widespread use of Electronic health records can transform health care. Benefits of E.H.R are: accurate, up-to date, and complete information about patients, quick access to patient records for more coordinated and efficient care, more effective diagnosis, reduction in medical errors, and secure sharing of information10. One of the studies on EHR, Beacon implementation, done at Mount Sinai hospital in New York was successful. Dr. Adelson Said â€Å"The major takeaway from our Beacon implementation is the opportunity to continuously improve and update treatment plans based on published research and guidelines for all practitioners to follow. Ultimately, it allows us to provide higher quality, more comprehensive care to individuals by identifying the most appropriate treatment course while minimizing side effects.† 11 Conclusion: Quality of care has become an important issue with rising health care costs over past decade. Checklist method of WHO can reduce surgical complications and morbidity and help improving quality care. Effective use of COPE and EHR can overcome challenges in measurement of quality of care. Although costs of  CPOE and EHR are substantial in terms of technology, organizational process analysis, and system implementation, they can yield many significant benefits and provide important platform for future changes in healthcare quality and patient safety. Citations: 1) Landrigan, Temporal Trends in Rates of Patient Harm Resulting from Medical Care, the new England journal of medicine. 2) Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building a safer Health system. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1999. 3)http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqr08/Chap6.htm 4) http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqr11/nhqr11.pdf 5) http://www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/040531rp.pdf 6) http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6418&page=19 7) Debas HT, Gosselin R, McCord C, Thind A. Surgery. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., eds. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. Disease Control Priorities Project. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2006:1245-60. 8) http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0810119#t=article 9) http://www.leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-AHA_FAH_CPOE_Report.pdf 10) http://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/faqs/what-are-advantages-electronic-health-records 11) http://www.equities.com/news/headline-story?dt=2012-12-03&val=782522&cat=hcare

The Relationship between Kinetic Energy of a dropped object impacting water and height of its resulting wave

Energy growth is directly linked to well-being and prosperity across the globe. Meeting the growing demand for energy in a safe and environmentally responsible manner is a key challenge. Modern energy enriches life. There are seven billion people on earth who use energy each day to make their lives richer, more productive, safer and healthier. It is perhaps the biggest driver of energy demand: the human desire to sustain and improve the well-being of ourselves, our families and our communities. Energy is the ability to do work, the ability to exert a force on an object to move it. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. The same amount of work is done by the body in decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest. The word â€Å"kinetic† comes from the Greek word â€Å"kinesis,† which means â€Å"motion. That’s why kinetic energy is the energy of an object that is moving. You cannot exactly destroy kinetic energy, but you can stop it by simply putting an end to any motion or force being exerted on an object. Water is the common name applied to the liquid form of the hydrogen and oxygen compound H2O. Pure water is an odorless, tasteless, clear liquid. Water is one of nature's most import ant gifts to mankind. Essential to life, a person's survival depends on drinking water. Water is one of the most essential elements to good health. It is necessary for the digestion and absorption of food; helps maintain proper muscle tone; supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells; rids the body of wastes; and serves as a natural air conditioning system. Health officials emphasize the importance of drinking at least eight glasses of clean water each and every day to maintain good health. Since water contains no calories and can serve as an appetite suppressant and helps the body metabolize stored fat, it may possibly be one of the most significant factors in losing weight. In his book, titled â€Å"The Snowbird Diet† Dr. Donald Robertson says the body will not function properly without enough water and discusses the importance of drinking plenty of water for permanent weight loss: â€Å"Drinking enough water is the best treatment for fluid retention; the overweight person needs more water than the thin one; water helps to maintain proper muscle tone; water can help relieve constipation; drinking water is essential to weight loss. † Water is only substance that occurs the ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. As a solid, ice, it forms glaciers, frozen lakes and rivers, snow, hail, and frost. It is liquid as rain and dew, and it covers three-quarters of the earth’s surface in swamps, lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water also occurs in the soil and beneath the earth’s surface as a vast groundwater basin. In physics, a wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space time, accompanied by a transfer of energy. Wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium that is, with little or no associated mass transport. They consist, instead, of oscillations or vibrations around almost fixed locations. Waves are described by a wave equation which sets out how the disturbance proceeds over time. The mathematical form of this equation varies depending on the type of wave. The term wave is often intuitively understood as referring to a transport of spatial disturbances that are generally not accompanied by a motion of the medium occupying this space as a whole. In a wave, the energy of a vibration is moving away from the source in the form of a disturbance within the surrounding medium. However, this notion is problematic for a standing wave (for example, a wave on a string), where energy is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic (e. g. light) waves in a vacuum, where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications. There are water waves on the ocean surface; gamma waves and light waves emitted by the Sun; microwaves used in microwave ovens and in radar equipment; radio waves broadcast by radio stations; and sound waves generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures, to mention only a few wave phenomena. Statement of the Problem General Objectives †¢ To figure out the relationship of kinetic energy of a dropped object and its height. Specific Objectives †¢ To identify the height of the water when you dropped an object into it. †¢ To identify if the Kinetic Energy is Zero will help the impact of height to its resulting wave. †¢ To determine how the waves in the ocean appears. Hypothesis †¢ Will it give you the accurate height of the wave? †¢ Will the kinetic energy help so that we can get the height of the wave? What are the elements present when the wave occurs? Significance/Importance Waves are important to the surfers, fisherman, seaman and other people who deals with that wave in the oceans. They use waves for them to be able to perform this sport. Without waves, the concept of being a surfer would be totally meaningless. To surfers, they are able to use ocean waves in a very special way. In the part of the seaman and Fisherman, they may not work or m ake a living when the weather is bad. This kind of work is really hard wherein it is dangerous for their part to sail in the Ocean as they leave their families. That is why we have come up with this study that will help those people who are engage with that kind of work and for them to be able to know how when to sail or not so that they may not risk their own lives. We hope that after this study, they are already informing of how†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Methodology Materials †¢ Tupperware container †¢ food dye †¢ a small ball †¢ String a permanent marker †¢ Paper †¢ ceiling hook †¢ water Procedure The procedure goes on by filling the container up to 5. 8 cm of water. Add food dye on the water. Cut strips of paper, mark each paper. Place the 3 strips of paper around the container with the mark meeting the water, secure papers by folding over edge, mark at 2, 5 and every 2. 5 after up to 50 cm hang string from hook so that it barely touches water. Then the drop ball from first drop height and allow resulting waves to subside. After dropping the ball observe and examine the paper. Measure the change of the wave height. Repeat 3 times for each height. Conclusion We, therefore conclude that the energy of a wave related to the kinetic energy of the ball as long as the material and confines of the wave allowed. Recommendation We recommend our study to the surfers and fisherman that made use of waves who has played a big role in their lives. They may use our study so that they may know many more about the things they deal with in their works.

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the 1898 War of Independence Essay

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the 1898 War of Independence - Essay Example Cubans used discrimination and the fable of cultural impartiality to repress the Afro-Cubans. In 1868, Liberation for Africans imprisoned in Cuba was a multifaceted procedure that had started on a striking level with the initiation of "The War of Independence" in opposition to its colonist, Spain. Oriente, Cuba, was the focal part of the Independence progress. The War of Independent initiated in October2. The basic, well-liked seize on this occasion sets off like a white landlord and slave proprietor, Carlos Manuel de Cespedes presented a speech identified as the "Grito de Yara", unchained his slaves and integrated them into his unsystematic armed forces as he confirmed battle against the Spanish kingdom. This is a trick that appears to be an attempt to cover Cespedes as a kind and caring white that acquired action as the consequence of being familiar with his natural racial discrimination and having a change of heart in the direction of slavery. Cespedes was born into a famous farm family that had be established their lands in 1517. As Carlos Manuel de Cespedes is well-known as a central character of the War of Independence, his contribution was merely after eastern Cuba's monetary endurance in jeopardy. Additionally to his prominent speech, he right away affirmed anybody inducing slaves to fight back would be punished to death. In Cuba, as there are quite a few Latin American states, white influential dishonesty was founded on fallaciously sustaining the fable of ethnic fairness in the country to seize on to defend the present social constitution of white supremacy. At the same time, the farmer's curiosity in the revolution in opposition to Spain was economic and motivated by selfishness and greediness. The Afro-Cubans were progressively more caught up in a severe attempt on the way to liberty and independence. The white farmers occupied in the revolution postponed sooner than they declared the elimination of slavery in th e rebellious region1. These same influential were unwilling to take in previous slave and free Afro-Cubans into the revolution. However, there was conflict from western and central Cuban farmers due to the elimination and imprisoning the revolution to eastern Cuba.3 The War of Independence ended with the notice of the Pact of Zanjon in 1878. Though, a lot of the Afro-Cuban activists discarded the deal on the floors as it did not achieve the objectives of the revolt which was to finish slavery and attaining sovereignty from Spain. Apart of the disappointment for the revolt was due to the deficiency of thriving union, but it must be cited that the willingness of the United States to trade the most up-to-date armaments to Spain but not to the Cuban revolutionaries did have an impact. One more cause was that some of the revolutionaries, who discarded the agreement, did on the basis of that it was a fake pledge that would not be kept back and time did demonstrated this measurement to be

Darfur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Darfur - Essay Example c warfare between the Sudanese central government and a number of insurgent movements since February 2003; these groups are demanding rights for the local peoples and more state investment in their marginalized region†. In other words, the main reason for the appearance and the development of violence in the state has been the opposition between the government’s decisions and the willing of the major part of the population. It should be noticed that the consequences of the development of this conflict have been severe. More specifically, it is noticed in the Africa Studies Centre (2007) that â€Å"at the start of the armed conflict, Darfur, which is the size of France, had a population of about 6 million (virtually all Muslims) but the number is significantly lower today due to mass killings, disease, famine and forced expulsions akin to ethnic cleansing caused by the ‘scorched earth’ military actions of the government troops and local militias; these milit ias, known as the ‘Janjawiid’, have been largely recruited from Arabized peoples from northern and eastern Darfur†. The main reason for the continuation of the above described situation cannot be precisely described, however it could be considered that the oppositions in interests of the state and those of the rebels is more likely to have led to this result. The development of the conflict in Darfur is described on a report of BBC News (2007) according to which â€Å"The conflict began in the arid and impoverished region early in 2003 after a rebel group began attacking government targets, saying the region was being neglected by Khartoum; the rebels say the government is oppressing black Africans in favour of Arabs; Darfur, which means land of the Fur, has faced many years of tension over land and grazing rights between the mostly nomadic Arabs, and farmers from the Fur, Massaleet and Zagawa communities†. In other words, it seems that the conflict in Darf ur has not begun because of a random initiative

The Transforming Power of Suffering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Transforming Power of Suffering - Essay Example   At the time that this poem is written, Milton is one of the greatest writers of England, and this horrible condition called blindness is about to end his career, thus rendering him useless, much like the talent in the Bible which the third man buries and eventually becomes the reason for God to punish him (Matt. 25:26-30, The New International Version). For the poet, it seems that being blind is being useless, and being useless is tantamount to preparing oneself to get punished. This is the true cause of Milton’s suffering as he is writing this poem. ... H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Blind Man.† In the story, Maurice secretly struggles with his blindness by keeping himself busy with daily chores on the farm: â€Å"He milked the cows, carried in the pails [and] attended to the pigs and horses† (Lawrence). These are actually a few things that a normal blind man can never get himself to do. Nevertheless, Maurice seems to be pushing himself to do these tasks. Why? The reason is one that he reveals to Bertie toward the end of the story: â€Å"What I am afraid of†¦is that [my wife Isabel will] find me a dead weight [and that] I feel it isn’t fair she’s saddled with me† (Lawrence). Maurice, therefore, just like the poet Milton, feels the same kind of suffering particularly because of their fear of being useless. Nevertheless, what Jernigan states – that â€Å"the blind tend to see [themselves] as others see [them]† (4) – is somehow true as most blind people tend to suffer only un til they realize that suffering brings them the gifts of humility, compassion, and hope. The virtue of humility is evident in the following lines of Milton’s â€Å"On His Blindness†: â€Å"†¦though my soul more bent/ To serve therewith my Maker, and present My true account, lest He returning chide† (Milton 4-6). In these lines of the poem, the poet himself admits that although he is ready to serve God, he has no choice but to humbly admit his â€Å"true account† – his actual circumstances or the fact that he is blind and that he cannot do anything about it. Indeed, humility is all about mustering enough courage to admit the true state of things and at the same time admitting one’s helplessness in the face of it.  

Economist Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economist Report - Essay Example Ricardo was elected to the British parliament in 1819 as an independent representative of a borough in Ireland, Portarlington, which he served till his death in 1823. David Ricardo, lived in the times just at the beginning of the Industrial revolution and this is what perhaps influences his thinking on 'Machinery' (discussed below). Ricardo took a keen interest in the study of economics and formulated the 'Classical' system of political economy. His interest in economics was sparked by a chance reading of Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations' while on vacation in 1799, in which Adam Smith focuses most of his attention on the problem of economic growth and his belief that an evolving capitalist system could benefit society as a whole. According to Smith's analysis the economy possesses unlimited upward potential. Ricardo's first written comments on economics appear to be two essays written in 1810 and 1811 (The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes) articulating his position in favour of the 'Bullionist' position. He argued in favour of a metallic currency, giving a fresh stimulus to the controversy about the policy of the Bank of England. This has since become known as the classical approach to the theory of money, which argued for the resumption of the convertibility of paper money into gold. The Bullion Committee appointed by the House of Commons in 1819 confirmed Ricardo's views and recommended the repeal of the Bank Restriction Act. Ricardo was a firm believer in Say's Law that states that there can be no demand without supply and that recession does not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money. In these tracts Ricardo also suggested the impossibility of a 'general glut', or an excess supply of all goods in an economy as proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus. This provoked a debate with Malthus that culminated in Ricardo writing a series of notes on Mathus's 1820 'principles'. These notes were published posthumously as Notes on Malthus. In 1815 he published his first complete work 'Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock' where he introduced the differential theory of rent and the "law of diminishing returns" to land cultivation. He argued that raising the duties on imported grain had the effect of increasing the price of corn and hence increasing the incomes of landowners and the aristocracy at the expense of the working classes and the rising industrial class. In Essay Ricardo formulated his theory of distribution in a one-commodity ("corn") economy. With wages at their "natural" level, Ricardo argued that rate of profit and rents were determined residually in the agricultural sector. He then used the concept of arbitrage to claim that the agricultural profit and wage rates would be equal to the counterparts in industrial sectors. With this theory, he could show that a rise in wages did not lead to higher prices, but merely lowered profits. Ricardo took economics to an unprecedented degree of theoretical sophistication by formalising the 'Classical' system more clearly and consistently than anyone before had done and what became known as the "Classical" or"Ricardian" School (of thought). In

Contemporary History and the Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring Research Paper

Contemporary History and the Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring Revolution - Research Paper Example Cell phones provided substantial evidence to the international community to believe that the situation in Libya requires international intervention. Libyan Revolution: the role of Social Media and Cell Phones Arab Spring Arab Spring is the name given to the series of protests and demonstrations which took place during the last two years in various Middle Eastern and North African countries for over throwing the oppressive governments. The first revolution sparked up in Tunisia when on 18 December 2010 Tunisian people started to protest against the government following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi. The minor protests gained immense popularity through the activists’ updates on social media sites, within hours the Tunisian capital was crowded with protestors; amid demonstrations and violence the government was overthrown. The success stories of the Tunisian revolution were not only covered by news agencies and reporters, those were also projected immensely on social me dia sites such as Facebook, Twitter and through blogging in other Arab countries. These stories motivated the oppressed people in these countries to protest against the dictatorial regimes of their governments. As a result the governments in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia were overthrown and the demands of the protestors were fulfilled by the government in other Arab countries (Manhire, 2012). ... The stories of success of revolution in one country were also conveyed through social media to other countries which triggered the expansion of the wave of protest to whole Arab world. Surprisingly no leaders emerged out of these revolutions, this is merely due to the fact that there were no leaders in the revolutions; the motivational and guiding role of the leaders was played by social media sites which turned out to be a vital tool for connecting activists and disseminating information. Social media helped in turning the random protests into organized ones as more than 3 million tweets, 5 million Facebook comments and thousands of blogs were written and published on internet during the protests in the Arab countries. The people of the Arab world had been against these dictators and oppressors for years but their protests and political activities were fragmented. Social media sites brought the public sentiment of shared grievance into light and acted as a source of change in the mi ndset of people making them politically active from being politically aware. It is true that political awareness cannot be created overnight; it is a long process which had already been initiated in the Arab world years ago, also through internet but not through social media. However, the driving force for pulling people into streets was provided by the activities on social media sites (Lynch, 2011). This modern methodolgy of protest and political activity was a new challenge for the dictatorial regimes of the Arab world and they did not have a strategy to face this challenge. As a result, the governments also took some decisions against these social media sites which worked in favor of the resolutions; for

Is Online Privacy Dead Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is Online Privacy Dead - Research Paper Example Despite being a digital world where every kind of transaction, application or interaction requires the disclosure of personal information, the privacy rules have become less relevant (Jose, 2013). No one seems to care about the advertising of personal, private and confidential information on the internet. No one seems to be bothered by the fact that personal information belonging to uninformed individuals are traded on the internet like mere business commodities.Purpose StatementThe question that begs, therefore, is who is to carry the blame for all this. Who should be held responsible? Should it be the individuals who fearlessly and un cautiously discloses all their personal information online or are we to blame those who are in custody of the same private information. The purpose of this research is, therefore, to delve deeper into this issue and find the root of the problem and suggest the possible cure to the same. The paper discusses whether online privacy is still in operation and how far it goes to secure personal information. Simply put, the paper discusses whether or not online privacy is dead. This has been a controversial issue that has left many in endless debates (House, 2014). While some argue that the current level of technology is not sufficient to safeguard private information online, some are of the opinion that those charged with the safeguarding duty have terribly failed at it. In addition, the paper discusses the real motive behind the revealing of such information.

Conference Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conference Assessment - Essay Example The objective scheme for assessing a speaker at a conference will include a number of criteria. Based on the response, assessment can be made as has been explained in the table at end of this section. Some of the issues which can be considered are level of preparation of the speaker. Was he aware of the agenda for the conference Was he aware of the main issues which were being discussed during the conference Did he have background knowledge of the subject being presented Did he know the key areas of concern and points of discussion Was he aware of the main participants, their portfolios and the departments they were representing Did he prepare slides for the presentation Were they effective in communicating the point Did the speaker give the structure of the talk in advance and did it provide the participants a clear view of his goals, main points being covered and the key arguments set forth1 These issues will carry substantial weight in the assessment. Then is the aspect on goal se tting. Every conference has a goal and the speaker has to conform to the same. Assessment can be done on whether the speaker had set appropriate goals and if these were adhered to.2 An important ability of a speaker is effective communication. ... There is also a need to ensure that innovative techniques are employed for engaging people during the presentation.4 For this preparation of good slides to convey the point is important.5 Conferences are multi channel communication processes. Thus inter personal communication ability of the speaker to make a positive impact, convey point effectively and accepting another point of view once the logic had been explained are important for good speakers. Every speaker has to also be a good listener who can analyze a point quickly and understand the nuances without allowing the discussion to waver. The ability of the speaker to make an impact, to be taken seriously and make people listen and engage in dialogue needs to be assessed. Conflict resolution during the meeting deliberations is also an important attribute which needs consideration.6 Provision of handouts and notes which are take away for analysis and study by the participants would be an important facet which earns additional poi nts. Summarization of the presentation to include the rationalization of all points of views that emerged during the discussion will also be assessed. Finally the overall contribution of the speaker to the conference agenda has to be assessed which will be determined by a review of whether the speaker achieved the aims set for the conference. ASSESSMENT SCHEME Ser No Assessment Criteria Outstanding 5 Good 4 Satisfactory 3 Fair 2 Poor 1 1. Setting of goals and achievement 2. Preparation including in depth study of subject. 3. Presentation skills 4. Presentation material including slides, charts etc. 5. Hand outs and notes provided. 6. Communication skills. 7. Interpersonal

Critical Analysis of Chinas Economy Research Paper

Critical Analysis of Chinas Economy - Research Paper Example During the industrialization era, China dominated its lead in global technological discoveries. It is believed that China made its breakthrough in economic growth during the Song Dynasty. During this rule, China made gross investments in technologies, witnessed highest rates of urbanization as well producing large amounts of highly demanded iron. As a result, China acquired the global superpower rank in economic growth. However, the reign did not last very long after Western Europe emerged with bigger economic growths between 1500 and 1800. It is believed that China fall could be related to the tyranny of Ming (1368 –1644). In addition, trade and innovation received minimum focus during the dynasty of Qing (1644 –1911) (Chow and Kui-Wai 156).Significant growth in efficiency and productivity, physical capital, and labor contributed to economic growth prior to the year 1978 in China. Essentially, aggregate factor productivity reduced within the same period. Research indic ates that the decrease registered scale of 1.07 percent. In addition, additional years of schooling in China resulted in increased growth in the annual human capital which reached 1.55 percent. As a result, the total factor productivity registered a partial decrease. In the later years, the actual input versus capital ratio maintained a constant figure. Therefore the roles of total factor productivity were inverted with those of accumulation of capital. Contrastingly, the growth rate in human capital registered a decrease.

Be Able to Contribute to Planning Learning Activities Essay Example for Free

Be Able to Contribute to Planning Learning Activities Essay Hello Harry I met you at the Hyatt Hotel in Birmingham and I spoke to your assistant manager about my trip to Malawi. I Hope you are ok! Below is a picture of me and you at villa part in 2010! WOW! I had the most amazing opportunity to volunteer in Ghana for 6 weeks in July, its quiet unbelievable to be given another opportunity to help make people happy again!! BUT!! Every volunteer MUST raise  £800. ALL Money raised goes to projects whilst we are out there etc. I shall be working with Orphans and also teaching mothers how to educate their child. I’m finding it extremely difficult to raise my fundraising target and I have  £635 to go until lively minds (company im going with) are happy with my fundraising, Its totally stressing me out as I have to pay for my own flights too!! Which is an additional  £700 and coming from a single parent family on a council estate is hard, I just want to make myself proud and have a good life This is the only thing that makes me happy, Lifes pretty dull to be honest . But when I’m making others happy and putting smiles on the faces of children who truly have nothing to live for, but keep going and keep fighting their everyday life makes me happy about myself. When I spoke to you before the game you said you woul help me reach my fundraising target. I truly hope that is still possible so i can then the company can lay off my back and I concentrate on raising my flight costs. It would mean the world if you could help me on this quest. To be able to relax and know i am going to Ghana and not telling people â€Å"Maybe depending on if i achieve my fundraising target† would be HARRYmazing! Haha.. Bad joke i know!! Thankyou for your kindness and ill thoroughly appreciate anything you are able to do to help me reach my target goal! Thank you so much! All the best take care Jordan Goodridge Please check my just giving page – www.justgiving.co.uk/childrenofghana Twitter [emailprotected] These pictures were when i volunteered in Malawi in July – September 2012 working with orphans who had HIV/AIDS. I hope you are able to help me reach my target! Thankyou!

Individual Psychology Theory of Adler

Individual Psychology Theory of Adler ALFRED ADLER AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Introduction Biography Alfred Adler was born in February 7, 1870 in the suburbs of Vienna. He was the third child and second son of a Jewish grain merchant. During his childhood, Alfred made developed rickets which limited from walking. When he was five years he nearly died from pneumonia. During this age Alfred decided to become a doctor. He was an average student and preferred playing outdoors. He was popular, outgoing and active and was known for his efforts of outdoing his elder brother. Alfred received a degree in medicine from University of Vienna in the year 1895. During his college he was attached to socialist group of students among which he met his wife Rassia Timofeyewna Epstein a social activist and an intellectual from Russia and studied in Vienna. They married in the year 1897 and they finally had four children of which tow became psychiatrists. Alfred started his medical career as an apthamologist but soon changed general practice establishing his office in the lower class region of Vienna. His clients comprised of circus people (Bottome, 1998, p. 5). He changed his career to psychiatry and in the year 1907 he was invited in a Freuds group discussion. After writing papers on organic inferiority which was compatible to views of Freud, Alfred wrote the first paper on aggression instinct which was not approved by Freud. He wrote another paper on childrens feelings of inferiority which suggested that Freuds sexual ideas should be taken more metaphorically than literally. Adler was named the president of Viennese Analytic Society by Freud and a co-editor of newsletter of the organization; he did not stop his criticism. They organized a debate between Freuds and Adlers supporters leading to Adler having nine members of the organization resigning to form another organization of the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. This organization became the Society for Individual Psychology in the next year. During the First World War, Alfred served as a physician for the Austrian Army in the childrens hospital and on Russian front. He witnessed the f irst damage did by the war which changed his thought increasingly to the concept of social interest. Alfred felt that, humanity should survive and it had to change its ways. After the First World War, Adler was involved in different projects like clinics attached to schools of the nation and teachers training. In 1926, Alfred went to the United States to lecture and he finally accepted a visiting position at Long Island College of Medicine. Alder and his family left Vienna forever in 1934. Alfred died of heart attack during his series of lecturer at Aberdeen University on May 28, 1937 (Way, 1956, p. 25). The Theory Adler suggested a motivating force or a single drive behind all peoples experiences and behaviors. By the time his theory had gelled almost in mature form, Alfred named the motivating force striving for perfection. This is the peoples desire to fulfill their potentials, come closer and closer to their ideals. This is almost familiar to the more popular self-actualization of ideas. Ideal and perfection are words which are troublesome but they are positive goals. Should not people be striving for the ideal? In psychology, people are given instead a suggestion. Ideals and perfection are practically by definition and things which cannot be reached. Many people live very painful and very sad lives while trying to be perfect. Alfred sees a negative type of idealism as a pervasive of more positive understanding. Striving for perfection was not Adlers first phrase but he used it to refer to his single motivating force. Adlers earliest phrase was aggression drive referred to the reaction peo ple have when other drives like what they want to eat, sexual satisfaction, get things done, are frustrated and be loved. This can be better called assertiveness drive since people tend to think of aggression as negative and physical. It was the idea of Adler on aggression drive which caused disagreement between him and Freud (Way, 1992, p. 102). Freud was afraid that, this disagreement would detract them from the important position of sex drive in the psychoanalytic theory. Regardless of Freuds dislike on the idea, he introduced something alike later in his life known as the death instinct. Adler also used striving to overcome or compensation to refer to the basic motivation. Since all people have problems, inferiorities and short-comings, Adler felt in his earlier writings that peoples personalities can be accounted for in a way which would compensate or to overcome the problems. The idea still plays a significant role in Adlers theory. Adler used masculine protest after noting something pretty obvious on his culture in which boys were given more preference than girls. Boys desperately wanted to be though of be thought as aggressive, strong and in control. This argument was based on the notion that, men were somehow better than women. They thought that, men had the power and education which is basically the motivation and talent required to do better things which women cannot (Handlbauer, 1998, p. 95). Adler did not see the mens assertiveness and success as a result of instinctive dominance. According to him, there was a reflection of the fact that boys were encouraged to be assertive in life which discouraged girls. Both girls and boys start their life with protest. Many people misunderstood Adler meaning that men were more assertive which led to limit of the use of his phrase. Adler also used the phrase striving for superiority. Use of this phrase reflected the philosophical root of Adlers ideas. Later Adler used striving for superiority more to refer to the neurotic or unhealthy striving. Adler in his life tried to get the concept down to the psychological level. Jan Smuts influenced Adler an approach which is known as holism. Adler decided to call his approach to psychology as individual psychology. Individual literary meant un-divided. Rather than talking about personal personality, with a traditional sense on internal traits, dynamics, structures and so on, he preferred talk ing about style of life which refers to how one deals with how they live their life, interpersonal relations and how they deal with problems. According to Adler, â€Å"the style of life of a tree is the individuality of a tree expressing itself and molding itself in an environment. People realize a style when they view it against an environment background different from what they expect since each tree has its mechanical pattern to respond to the environment (Hoffman, 1994, p. 52). Adler differed again with Freud on lifestyle. Adler viewed motivation as a matter of moving towards the future instead of being driven to the past. People are driven towards their goals, their purpose and their ideals which are known as teleology. Moving things from the past to the future has some remarkable effects. Social interest was another idea on the significance of striving for perfection. On his holism, it is easy to see that everyone who is striving for perfection can hardly do so without considering the social environment. Since people are social animals, they dont exist much less they strive without others and even most determined people-hater forms with detestation in a social context. According to him, social concern was not simply inborn or learned but a combination of both. This is to some extent an innate demonstrated on how babies and small children show sympathy on others without being taught. The aim of Adler was to avoid the idea of social interest which is a ver sion of extraversion. Some people express their social concern through a behavior of being friendly and slapping. Adler meant social concern in terms of feeling in terms of certain social behaviors but in a much broader sense as caring for the community, family, humanity and community even for life. Social concern is a matter of being helpful to others. Lack of social concern is a definition of all failures like drunkards, psychotics, problem children and criminals among others because they lack social interest (Adler, 1999, p. 34). Adler changed psychological determinance grounds from to sex to libido. He has special prominence to societal factors. He argued that, an individual has to struggle or deal with three forces known as love-related, societal and vocational forces. This disagreement determines the final nature of personality. He based his theories on the development of pre-adulthood of individual. His psychology is parallel wit the humanistic psychology of Abraham Maslow who acknowledged Adlers influence on his theories. Both humanistic psychology and individual psychology hold that, individuals who are human beings are the best determinants of their own desires, needs, growth and interests. The theory of defeat, compensation and over-compensation were derived by Adler. According to him, individuals derive their personality characteristics from the important external factors. Individual characters are formed by their reaction on their influence to compensation, resignation and over-compensation. In com pensation, when an individual suffers from any difficulty, their main objective is to bring those drawbacks to an end making them inferior to others. Those with the potential to this are successful in their lives on both individual and social basis (Dreikurs, 1994, p. 127). Resignation is for those individuals who give their drawbacks and become reconciled to them. These kinds of people are in many. The attitude of the world toward them is cool and quite uninterested understanding. Over-compensation is where some people become so obsessed with the idea of recompense for their problems. External factors are important in formation of characters. Alfred holds the main motives of human behavior and thought as individual strive for power and superiority partly in compensation for their inferiority feeling. Each individual is unique according to this view and their personality structure with the unique goals and striving ways finds an expression on their style of life which is the product of their creativity. However, individuals cannot be considered as different from the society, all important problems including general human relations, love, and occupation problems are social (Watts, 2003, p. 67). Adlers theory led to explanation of the psychological abnormality and normality although the normal person who has a well developed social interest will recompense by determining on the helpful side of life which is by contributing to the common inferiority feeling. The neurotically disposed individual is characterized by increased superiority feeling, exaggeration, underdeveloped social interest, and uncooperative superiority goal which are signs anxiety and less open aggression. This person solves problems in a private fashion, self-centered resulting in failure. All kind of maladjustments share this collection. Therapy involves offering the patient with insight on mistaken life-style through materials furnished by him in the interview with a psychiatric (Slavik and Carlson, 2005, p. 241). According to Adler, inferiority people pull towards perfection, fulfillment and self-actualization. Failures ends up being unfulfilled, being far from self-actualization and badly imperfect. Due to lack of self interest or putting something in positive form people will be excessively self-interested. According to him, being besieged by inferiority is by feeling competent, doing well, affording to think of others. All individuals suffer from inferiority like Adler suffered from organ inferiority. Many people react to organic inferiorities through compensation. People make their deficiencies in a different way. The inferiority organ can be strengthened and become stringer than others. Individuals can psychologically compensate their problems by developing particular skills or even specific personality styles. Many people are not in a position to handle their problems and they live lives of silent depression. People optimism and society which is up-to-beat seriously undervalues their n umbers. Many people have psychological inferiorities. There is also general type of inferiority mainly the natural inferiority mainly found in children. Children are naturally weaker, smaller, intellectually competent and less social compared to adults around them. Children have something in common. They have the desire to grow up, be adult and be big. This type of compensation is in fact similar to striving for perfection. Many children have the feeling that, other people always are better than them. If an individual is besieged by inferiority forces whether it is hurting the body, those people around are holding the contempt or the general difficulties are growing up. This develops inferiority complex (Adler, 1964, p. 273). According to Adler, due to inadequate social interest, different types can be differentiated using energy levels. The ruling kind which is from childhood is characterized by the tendency to be quite dominant and aggressive over others. Their energy which involves the strength to strive for their personal power is great and they push anything or anybody getting in their way. Leaning type is among those people who are sensitive and have developed a shell around themselves which is protects them but they have to depend on others to deal with problems in their life. These individuals have low level of energy and they became reliant. When they are overwhelmed, they develop what they normally think of neurotic symptoms which depend on individual lifestyle details. The avoiding type has the lowest energy level and they survive by basically avoiding life. When they are pushed to restrictions they become psychotic which finally retreats to their own worlds. The socially useful type is for th e healthy person who has both energy and social interest. Without energy, one cannot really have self interest since they are not in a position in fact do anything for anyone (Adler, 1999, p. 54). The individual psychology of Alder has some basic assumptions. The individual psychology is a system of practices and theories which is established upon cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic and existential principles. â€Å"All behavior has social meaning.† Adler was different from assumption of Freud that â€Å"human behavior is motivated by sexual instinct†. Assumption of Adler is that human behavior is aggravated by social desires and human beings are intrinsically social beings. Adler substituted interpersonal relationship form for interpersonal â€Å"id-ego-superego† personality pattern of Freud. Alder gives a humanistic and optimistic view of life which considers human beings as greatly in a position to co-operate in order to live jointly and struggle for self development, contribution to ordinary welfare and self-fulfillment. Without cooperation, people can wipe out each other. Adler based his psychology on main concept of self interest.  "Adlerian psychology is a social psychology which individuals always see and understand within the social context (Hoffman, 1994, p. 67)†. Another assumption is that, human personality has guiding and unity themes. This implies that, a person is an indivisible unit and requires understanding as a total person in which the feelings, thoughts, dreams, actions and memories are even psychology leading to the same direction. Individual is a system in which the whole greater than different from the parts. Adler sees the agreement of individual in whose behavior is a consistent theme. Another assumption is that, behavior is a function of biased insight. Developing a guiding theme is a creative and an active process in which person attributes the meaning of life experiences they have faced. They constructs out this raw materials subjective to reality to which they react. It is not experiences of childhood which is important but present understanding of these events. All behaviors are determined. Adler maintained that all behaviors is focused and goal-directed, although people may not be always deliberately conscious their moti ves. If individuals have the potential they need to develop or use, they lack an action which serves the purpose. Use is more significant than control. Persons are not submissive victims of environment and heredity but energetic constructors and interpreters of their theme (Dreikurs, 1994, p. 135). Another assumption is striving for important explanation on motivation. Adler found that, due to initial helplessness, an infant experiences inferior and struggles to conquer a feeling of incompletion by determining for higher level of growth. Inferior feeling and compensation for the feeling is the dynamic motivation principle which moves an individual from one level growth to another. This striving may continue through out our life. The procedure begins in infancy as children become aware of their insufficiency, mainly when comparing with other children and adults. Infancy experience what is described by Adler as â€Å"minus situation.† The feeling of inferiority becomes a motivation for striving towards â€Å"plus situation.† Adler held that, individuals are not always directed to their dealings by realism but always by fiction. The concept of final goal by Adler which is a fictional creation, an imagined idyllic condition which directs the present individual a proc ess known as private logic as stated by Adler (Adler, 1999, p. 45). Conclusion Individuals can develop exaggerated inferiority feeling and strive towards an imagined goal of inferiority and avoiding the real test. The community feeling and the final goals of co-operation are better than the final goal which is egocentric. This would reveal power concern, self-interest, withdrawal and avoidance. According to Adler, the approach to life with individual traits, the style if life and the unique way in which each person tries to recognize their fictional final goals and meets or avoids the three main task of life; intimate relationship, community and work. In early childhood the life style is formed and in a unique and develop the same styles. Healthy persons deal with life tasks more flexible. This can find ways of solving problems and in case one is blocked, they can choose one another and the individual who is disturbed who individually insist on one way. List of References Adler, A. (1999), The individual psychology of Alfred Adler, New York: Harper Torch books Adler, A. (1964), Superiority and social interest: a collection of later writings. H. L. Ansbacher and R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.), Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press Bottome, P., (1998), Alfred Adler a biography, G. P. Putnams Sons: New York Dreikurs, R., (1994), An introduction to individual psychology, London New York: Routledge, ISBN 0415210550 Handlbauer, B. (1998), The Freud Adler controversy, Oxford, UK: One world Hoffman, E. (1994), The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology. New York: Addison-Wesley Co Slavik, S. Carlson, J. (Eds.), (2005), Readings in the theory of individual psychology, New York: Routledge Watts, R. E. (2003), Adlerian, cognitive, and constructivist therapies: An integrative dialogue, New York: Springer Way, L., (1992), Adlers place in psychology. London: Allen Unwin Way, L., (1956), Alfred Adler An Introduction to his psychology, London: Pelican

Reason and faith in religion

Reason and faith in religion Reason and Faith are sources of authority whereby the belief of an individual can rest. Belief is referred to as the values that emanate from a methodological process of inquiry. This process can either be religious, aesthetic, moral or even intellectual. On this basis, reason does not emanate from the wisdoms of traditional authority, or oracles, or assumptions. However, reason requires the existence of real life evidence to proof a fact. Once there is a clear demonstration of this evidence, a claim can be understood and justified as either to be false, or true. Faith is the opposite of reason, and it does not require any evidence for an individual to believe in a given issue or authority. On this basis, faith is a demonstration of assent or trust (Albl, 22). Faith therefore involves an action of commitment that emanates from the believer, in relation to a given belief. Religious faith involves the belief of an individual to a supernatural deity, or God. The root cause of this faith always comes from an individual revelation of God, or the workings of God (The Bible, 3). On this note, revelation can either be direct, personally experiencing the powers of God. It can also be indirect, that is experiencing the powers of God through the testimonies of other people. Faith that emanates from religion is of two types, namely evidence insensitive faith, and evidence sensitive faith. Evidence sensitive faith is built upon by demonstrable truths, which includes testimonies brought forth by believers or people who ascribe to the same Faith. Mueller (27) denotes that this type of faith is also built on the teachings and lives of people who believed in God. On the other hand, Mueller (29) denotes that evidence-insensitive faith is built upon the individual experiences of a person with his God. Albl (26) explains that it is very possible for a person to believe in God, through faith, or through reason. This paper take a stand that the bible is the main book that provides guidance on an individual’s Christian faith. Reason is only used to confirm and provid e support on the various religious beliefs. Prickett and Robert (36) denote that the main factor that led to the problems associated with reason and faith comes from the concept of revelation. All religious believes are based on revelations. Revelations always entails an individual’s experiences with God, which in turn they are described through sacred pronunciations (Prickett and Robert, 33). These revelations are then written in canonical writings or are passed through oral traditions. An example of a person who experienced revelation and passed the message through canonical writings is apostle Paul. Paul had a personal experience with God, and wrote the messages which are always reffered to as epistles. Hicks (36) denote that these writings are always immune from a rationale critique, or evaluations. On this basis, any attempt to evaluate and critically analyze these messages is a mistake. However, in the current century, Hicks (41) denotes that various religious organizations encourage a rationale critique of the Bible. One main issue that surrounds the problems regarding reason and faith is to find out how the authority of reason, and that of faith interrelate with one another in this process whereby a religious belief is either justified or not. There are four major ways in which reason and faith can interact. The first method of interaction is the conflict model. Under this model of interaction, the objects, aims and methods of faith and reason usually depict different notions and concepts. On this basis, there is a rivalry between reason and faith. An example of this rivalry is depicted in the different explanations of the existence of earth. Christian’s belief that God created the world, scientists on the other hand belief that God did not create the world, but it came as a result of evolution (Hicks, 56). The story of creation is effectively explained in the book of Genesis chapter number 1. Charles Darwin on the other hand denotes that the world came as a result of evolution of species. Darwin elaborately explains this concept through his theory of evolution. He came up with this concept of evolution after a careful study of the various species of animals, including mankind. On this basis, his evolutionary theory was developed out of a methodological study, satisfying the principles of reason. This view by Darwin directly conflicts the views of the origin of man, as prescribed by the Bible (Mueller, 28). This therefore challenges the existence of God, putting faith and reason in a conflict with each other. The next mo del of interaction between reason and faith is the incompatibility model. Under this model, objects, aims and methods of faith and reason are distinct. Under this model, faith concerns itself with seeking the divine truth, while reason on the other hand concerns itself with seeking for an empirical truth. On this basis, rivalry between faith and reason does not exist. This relationship between reason and faith is divided into two main categories. The first category is transrational (Hick, 43). Under this category, believers denote that faith is higher than reason, and reason can only be used to explain certain religious practices that occur within an individual’s religion or sets of believes. The second category holds that religious believes are irrational, and on this basis, it is not appropriate to examine it through a rational evaluation. Under this principle, it is only possible to understand God, by analyzing what God is not. People who ascribe to this principle believe that there is no need of subjecting faith to a rational justification. This is because it is beyond human understanding (Mueller, 41). The weak compatibi lity model on the other hand believes that it is possible for there to be dialogue between faith and reason. This is even though reason and faith maintain different methods of evaluations and clarity. Under this model, faith is developed from the existence of miracles, while reason on the other hand involves scientific evaluations of the miracles under consideration. The final relationship between faith and reason can be termed as the strong compatibility model. Under this relationship, faith and reason have some parity. Proponents of this relationship denote that it is possible to demonstrate articles of faith, by applying reason within it. It is possible to demonstrate articles of faith by using either inductive method, which is depending on experiences to justify faith (Prickett and Robert, 51). It can also take a deductive approach, which is depending on the teachings of faith to justify a belief. An example of an inductive approach is the miraculous healing of a lame man, whom science could not cure. An explanation to this concept is that God has a healing power, thus he healed the man under consideration. Science on the other hand would denote that there wasn’t any scientific method of healing the man under consideration; hence it is only the power of a divine deity that did the job (Prickett and Robert, 51). An example of a deductiv e approach would always start with an argument that the principles of science would not have existed, unless the power of God was there to ensure that the science under consideration is successful. For example, God gave men the capability and wisdom of making vehicles, and airplanes. In conclusion, Christians normally rely on the bible as a basis of their faith. For a long period of time, the information contained in the scriptures have never been challenged or critiqued. They are always held as true, no matter how controversial they may be. However, in the 21st century, there is always a demand of evidence and reason in the various teachings of Christianity. This paper manages to effectively explain this concept of reason, and how it used to justify certain aspects of faith. For instance, in this paper, we are able to denote that reason can directly contradict faith. This is by use of science to proof certain aspects of the scriptures as untrue. This paper explains how the Bible depicts the origin of the universe, and how science explains the origin of the universe. The Bible denotes that God created the world, while science denotes that the world came about out of evolution. These two areas are very contradicting and rival each other, and those who believe in t he evolution story, do not have any faith in God, nor religious beliefs. In as much as reason can contradict certain aspects of faith, reason is also used to explain certain religious practices or elements of faith. For example, how can one explain the movements of birds in the air, or even the existence of rivers, mountains, and lakes? Initially, the practices of a religious belief were not questionable. Whatever the scriptures said, was always true. However, in the 21st century, religious organizations encourage a rationale critique of their practices. Works Cited: Albl, Martin C. Reason, faith, and tradition: explorations in Catholic theology. Winona: Saint Marys Press, 2009. Print. Hick, John. Between faith and doubt: dialogues on religion and reason. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print. Mueller, J. J.. Theological foundations: concepts and methods for understanding Christian faith. Winona, Minn.: Saint Marys Press, 2007. Print. Prickett, Stephen, and Robert Barnes. The Bible. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Print. The Bible. Harlow, England: King James Version, 2010. Print.

Gas Gangrene :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas gangrene is a severe form of gangrene which is also known as tissue death. It occurs as a result of infection by a bacterium that causes the tissue death. The symptoms of gas gangrene are numerous and severe. Gas gangrene is a disease that is very difficult to treat. All in all, gas gangrene is a very serious disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas gangrene is a form of gangrene (tissue death) usually caused by a bacterium known as clostridium porringers, but many other bacteria can cause the same effects. It is caused by an infection of clostridium bacteria that, under low oxygen conditions, produce toxins that cause the tissue death and associated symptoms. Gas gangrene is rare, with only 1,000 to 3,000 cases occurring in the United States annually. Gas gangrene usually occurs at the site of trauma or a recent surgical wound. About a third of cases occur spontaneously. Patients who develop this disease spontaneously often have underlying another disease such as diabetes or colon cancer. The onset of gas gangrene is sudden and dramatic. Inflammation begins at the site of infection and there is extremely painful tissue swelling. Gas may be felt in the tissue when the swollen area is pressed with the fingers. The areas infected expand so rapidly that changes are visible over a few minutes. The involved ti ssue is completely destroyed. Clostridium bacteria make many different toxins, some of which can cause potentially fatal syndromes. In addition, they cause tissue death, destruction of blood, and leaking of the blood vessels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The symptoms of gas gangrene include moderate to severe pain around a skin injury, progressive swelling around a skin injury, and moderate to high fever. Also, when a person is infected, they form small, fluid filled blisters called vesicles. The blisters fill with a brown red fluid. Some symptoms are not so serious, such as sweating and an increased heart rate. Others are very serious like drainage from the tissues, foul-smelling brown-red or bloody fluid called serosanguineous discharge, and subcutaneous emphysema which is gas under the skin. The symptoms of gas gangrene occur suddenly and increase rapidly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Treatment for gas gangrene can sometimes be drastic. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency because of the threat of the infection rapidly spreading via the bloodstream and infecting vital organs. It requires immediate surgery and administration of antibiotics. Prompt surgical removal of dead, damaged, and infected tissue is necessary.

Das Projekt einer globalen Ethik und die afrikanische Philosophie :: German Essays

Das Projekt einer globalen Ethik und die afrikanische Philosophie ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Frage nach einer globalen Ethik stellt sich heute verschà ¤rft unfgrund der neuen Qualità ¤t gegenseitiger Abhà ¤ngigkeit der einzelnen Staaten und Regionen beruhend auf einer eng verknà ¼pften Weltwirtschaft und dem weltumspannenden Netz modernen Kommunikationssysteme. Diese Verknà ¼pfung zeigt sich am deutlichsten in der Vernetzung transnationaler Konzerne, deren Produktionsstà ¤tten nicht mehr an nationale Territorien gebunden sind. Die Entstehung einer globalen Interdependenz hà ¤ngt jedoch nicht nur mit à ¶konomischen Entwicklungen oder der neuen Effizienz der Kommunikationstechniken zusammen, sondern auch mit der in diesem Jahrhundert entstandenen Mà ¶glichkeit einer à ¶kologischen oder milità ¤rischen Selbstzerstà ¶rung der Erde durch den Menschen. I. Einleitung Die Frage nach einer globalen Ethik stellt sich heute verschà ¤rft aufgrund der neuen Qualità ¤t gegenseitiger Abhà ¤ngigkeit der einzelnen Staaten und Regionen beruhend auf einer eng verknà ¼pften Weltwirtschaft und dem weltumspannenden Netz moderner Kommunikationssysteme. Diese Verknà ¼pfung zeigt sich am deutlichsten in der Vernetzung transnationaler Konzerne, deren Produktionsstà ¤tten nicht mehr an nationale Territorien gebunden sind. Die Entstehung einer globalen Interdependenz hà ¤ngt jedoch nicht nur mit à ¶konomischen Entwicklungen oder der neuen Effizienz der Kommunikationstechniken zusammen, sondern auch mit der in diesem Jahrhundert entstandenen Mà ¶glichkeit einer à ¶kologischen oder milità ¤rischen Selbstzerstà ¶rung der Erde durch den Menschen. Oder wie der deutsche Philosoph Karl-Otto Apel es ausdrà ¼ckt: „... das Bedà ¼rfnis nach einer universalen, d.h. fà ¼r die menschliche Gesellschaft insgesamt verbindlichen Ethik [war] noch nie so dringend, wie in unserem Zeitalter einer durch die technologischen Konsequenzen der Wissenschaft hergestellten planetaren Einheitszivilisation."(1) Aus der Notwendigkeit einer solchen Ethik kann aber noch nicht auf deren Mà ¶glichkeit geschlossen werden. Deshalb scheint mir die Frage nach der Mà ¶glichkeit einer globalen Ethik zu den wichtigsten unserer Zeit zu gehà ¶ren. Verschiedene Ethikprojekte, wie die Diskursethik in Deutschland oder die Befreiungsethik in Lateinamerika, haben nun den Versuch unternommen, eine Ethik mit Anspruch auf universale Gà ¼ltigkeit zu begrà ¼nden, die kulturelle, religià ¶se, politische etc. Unterschiede transzendiert. Solche Projekte mà ¼ssen einer grà ¼ndlichen Prà ¼fung unterzogen werden, wozu vor allem auch eine intersubjektive ÃÅ"berprà ¼fung von Vertretern unterschiedlicher kultureller Kontexte gehà ¶rt. Meine These ist, daß eine Ethik solange keinen Anspruch auf universale Gà ¼ltigkeit erheben kann, solange sie nicht einer interkulturellen Prà ¼fung unterzogen wurde, oder wie der à ¶sterreichische Philosoph Franz Wimmer es formuliert:„... halte keine philosophische These fà ¼r gut begrà ¼ndet, an deren Zustandekommen nur Menschen einer einzigen kulturellen Tradition beteiligt waren."(2) Dieser „kategorische Imperativ" der interkulturellen Philosophie ist natà ¼rlich kein ausreichendes Kriterium zur Bestimmung des Wahrheitscharakters einer Theorie, aber wohl ein unverzichtbares. In einer solchen „interkulturellen Prà ¼fung" sollen Theorien auf ihre Relevanz fà ¼r verschiedene Kontexte und Orientierungssysteme hin geprà ¼ft und mit anderen Theorien aus anderen Kontexten konfrontiert werden.

The Work of Cindy Sherman :: Photography Photographer

No other artist has ever made as extended or complex career of presenting herself to the camera as has Cindy Sherman. Yet, while all of her photographs are taken of Cindy Sherman, it is impossible to class call her works self-portraits. She has transformed and staged herself into as unnamed actresses in undefined B movies, make-believe television characters, pretend porn stars, undifferentiated young women in ambivalent emotional states, fashion mannequins, monsters form fairly tales and those which she has created, bodies with deformities, and numbers of grotesqueries. Her work as been praised and embraced by both feminist political groups and apolitical mainstream art. Essentially, Sherman’s photography is part of the culture and investigation of sexual and racial identity within the visual arts since the 1970’s. It has been said that, â€Å"The bulk of her work†¦has been constructed as a theater of femininity as it is formed and informed by mass culture†¦ (her) pictures insist on the aporia of feminine identity tout court, represented in her pictures as a potentially limitless range of masquerades, roles, projections† (Sobieszek 229). Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Cindy Sherman grew up in suburban Huntington Beach on Long Island, the youngest of five children and had a regular American childhood. She was very self-involved, found of costumes, and given to spending hours at the mirror, playing with makeup (Schjeldahl 7). Cindy Sherman attended the state University College at Buffalo, New York, where she first started to create art in the medium of painting. During her college years, she painted self-portraits and realistic copies of images that she saw in photographs and magazines. Yet, she became less, and less interested in painting and became increasingly interested in conceptual, minimal, performance, body art, and film alternatives (Sherman 5). Sherman’s very first introductory photography class in college was a complete failure for she had difficulties with the technological aspects of making a print. After her disastrous first attempt in photography, Sherman discovered Contemporary Art, which h ad a profound and lasting effect on the rest of her artistic career (Thames and Hudson 1). Sherman’s first assignment in her photography class was to photograph something which gave her a problem, thus, Sherman chose to photograph her self naked. While this was difficult, she learned that having an idea was the most important factor in creating her art, not so much the technique that she used.

Annotated Bibliography: How Is Tv Bad or Good? Essay

How is TV bad/good? Do you learn from watching TV? What shows are best to watch? These are just some of the questions that this annotated bibliography will answer for you and help you decide whether TV is good or bad. This bibliography can be used by anyone who wants to decide if watching TV is good or bad, either for their children, or themselves. Johnson, Steven. â€Å"Watching TV Makes You Smarter.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 277-294. Print. The argument in Johnsons article is that media has had to get more cognitively challenging to keep pulling the attention of viewers. He explains how he believes watching television can help make you a smarter person because it makes you use inferences, track relationships, and makes the reader think by tracking multiple threads. He uses examples from several television shows and series that may be affecting our brain activity. He makes many good persuasive points in his argument that TV isn’t necessarily a bad thing, but too much of anything is never a good thing. Peacocke, Antonia. â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 299-311. Print. Antonia Peacocke describes the difficulty that the television show â€Å"Family Guy† has went through, having been cancelled twice. She describes how the jokes in â€Å"Family Guy† have a more insightful meaning. Peacocke talks about her own struggle with the shows seemingly offensive humor but then how she realizes the underlying â€Å"satire† of the jokes. She sees some of the steps taken due to the fact that the content of some of the jokes are not for younger audiences. She ends her article explaining that she feels that there is more to the jokes on Family Guy than the offensive rudeness that people like to point out, but she still finds that people still need to realize that some jokes do go too far. Stevens, Dana. â€Å"Thinking Outside The Idiot Box.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 295-298. Print. Stevens explains in this article that turning off the TV until Sunday will not make you any dumber. She talks about how children are â€Å"fresh meat† for marketing industries and shows like â€Å"Teletubbies†, encourage and teach children the basics of â€Å"vegging† out. She is pointing out that shows on TV do not necessarily always do a person good but quite the opposite. She also demonstrates her frustration that many people think that TV is fine especially when it pertains to a nature show. She describes a recent visit to the airport and there w ere a number of people watching a TV that portrayed animals. It made her realize that watching animal shows are fine, but wonders why people think this when in all reality it could be a violent animal show. She is insisting that there are many people who are offended by many things and each person needs to be sensitive to what they play on their TVs. Zinser, Jason. â€Å"The Good The Bad The Daily Show.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 363-379. Print. Zinser sees â€Å"The Daily Show† as a combined form of entertainment that is both beneficial and damaging to society. Beneficial, in that, the show sparks viewer interest in current events, particularly for younger viewers who might not watch so-called real news. Damaging, in that, the show relies on â€Å"deception and dilution† for its platform.

Module Title Introduction to Nursing Essay

With eccentric to conjectural and applic fitting inference, discuss your financial obligation as a disciple wet- obtain. culture subject 3 take down out be demo by your use of credible and relevant evidence.My method of accountingability as a schoolchild encourage is to be account adapted to the longanimouss, families and the general public to which I am feel for for. Student nurses crucial(prenominal) stick by to the guidelines set verboten by the breast feeding and obstetrics council (NMC) which states As a passe- g everyplacenment agency kayoed mortal, you argon soulally account equal for your actions and omissions in your intrust and mustiness al slip way of life be able to justify your purposes. Accountability is integral to occupational invest. (NMC) Nurses illuminate judgements in a childlike variety of circumstances, and use their professional knowledge, and skills to make a decision based on evidence for best practice and the persons best int erests. Nurses need to be able to justify the decisions they make. Student nurses overly deport a duty of wish well which means they have a jural liability with regard to the patient. They must go out that they get along competently. They must in like manner say an otherwise when they atomic number 18 unable to dress competently (RCN). This means that the labor movement is essential and delegation is in the patients best interest, the student nurse must fully understand the task and how it is to be carried out, they must in any case have the skills and abilities to perform the task competently and too must accept the responsibility to perform the taskcompetently.The oxford dictionary 2008 defines accountability as The obligation of being answerable for ones own judgements and actions to an appropriate person or authority recognized as having the make up to demand information and explanation consort to the terms of the NMC code of conduct. A registered practitioner is accountable for his/her own actions as a professional at all times, on or off duty , whether prosecute in current practice or not. As a student you argon not yet accountable as you ar not a answer nurse although a restricted nurse is accountable under the NMC code of conduct, only a student nurse is button up responsible for their own actions and behaviour and must act in a professional personal manner and uphold the profession of nursing, by behaving in a responsible manner and being thoughtful and viewful.A qualified nurse must act to the highest of commonplaces, although as a student you are also close up expected to act to the highest quantity , as a student nurse you depart be provided with confine from ripened staff and from your mentor because you are still learning and mistakes place happen thats why support depart be provided to discontinue you to be more positive and learn, as students learn new things terrestrial as do nurses because the nursing pr ofession is a life-long learning experience. (Bethann Siviter 2013) Nurses and midwives hold a position of responsibility, as patients rely on them. They are professionally accountable to the NMC, as well as having a contractual accountability to their employer and are accountable in the law for their actions. Nurses must act in the best interest of the patients in their take at all times. As a student nurse you are also accountable to the NHS and must report every inappropriate criminal maintenance that is being delivered to a patient if you think that it is not unimpeachable or appropriate to that particular patient, as the NMC 2008 states that You must inform someone in authority if you experience problems that prevent you workings within this work out or other nationally agreed standard.Part 2Learning outcome 2With call forthence book to credible and relevant evidence, discuss the principles and grandeur of skilful volume treat. Learning outcome 3 testament be demon strated by your use of credible and relevant evidence.The importance of entire record retention is to ensure that you back up everything you do in practice within your nursing profession, as records are legal documents for patients, if anything had to go wrong and was taken to a judiciary of law if the interposition or trade that was carried out had not been preserve the courtroom of law would see it, that if it was not recorded it did not happen. The NMC 2008 states that You must ensure any entries you make in someones paper records are clearly and decipherably signed, battled and timed so that you potentiometer provide any evidence that whitethorn be needed for a patient to show what treatment you have carried out towards that patient. It is a legal requirement for nurses to pig out out records as soon as they possibly poop by and by the treatment or disturbance has been carried out on a patient, as the NMC states that You must remove records as soon as contingent after an event has occurred. Good record keeping and documentation terminate be a vital means of recall for nurses faced with litigation. Having detailed and substantial evidence is likely to be influential in such circumstances. unload keeping is an essential part of in effect(p) nursing practice. and is considered to be a basic nursing beak when caring for patients. It is important that nurses and also student nurses carry out great practice and adhere to the guidelines regarding record keeping, ensuring it is up to date and an accurate account of treatment, allot proviso and delivery which is appropriate to each patient. The regulation of Professional Conduct (NMC,2002) states that good note-taking is a vital tool of communication in the midst of nurses. Wherever practicable should be create verbally with the involvement of the patient and completed as soon as thinkable after an event has occurred. Having clear accurate records to refer back to enables the nurse havin g evidence to join to, this stick outs the nurse to have an accurate account of what happened. According to The breast feeding and Midwifery Council (2009) good record keeping is an integral part of practice and is essential to be able to provide safe and effective care to patients.They highlighted that good record keeping is passing important to improve communication among healthcare professionals. It processs to support the delivery and tenacity of patient care, It alleviates to demonstrate clinical judgements and decision making and identifying any possible bump for patients. Good record keeping is also very important when giving over a handover to nurses without havingrecords, the handover would be incomplete and the contiguous team of nurses would not know what had been waiver on with the patients, which could possibly affect the benefit of patients. Records that are not accurate or incomplete can highlight that shortsighted care has been provided towards a patient. Neat and up to date accurate records indicate a caring and responsible nurse , good record keeping also allows for good communication between colleagues.Part 3Learning outcome 4The care of mountain with monomania is a substantial contemporary issue. A key standard of care for people with dementedness in Scotland is that people are able to be as free-living as possible. (Scottish Government, 2011, p. 10). With reference to credible and relevant evidence, discuss ways in which the student nurse can support this standard. Learning outcome 3 will be demonstrated by your use of credible and relevant evidence.It is the responsibility of a student nurse to be aware of monomania and know somewhat the illness and how it affects people in disparate ways. A student nurse can support this standard people are able to be as freelancer as possible by treating patients with derangement as individuals and allowing them choices as this helps to promote gravitas to a person and seeing them as a person and not face at their illness. Student nurses should allow patients choices when carrying out personal hygiene and allowing them to choose their meals as this allows a patient to be able to await independent and allows them to feel that they are being tough with dignity and respect , sometimes it might be arduous to allow a patient with dementia to remain fully independent as depending on the progression of their dementia will mean what kind of support they will require, however it is important for a student nurse to promote independence at all times whenever possible to allow the patient to be able to happen upon their potential. It is important for a student nurse to provide individualised care to patients with dementia as no two patients will ever be the same and will have different needs.Communication is a fundamental and key skill when caring for dementia patients and is important to try to accept and interact with dementiapatients so that they can be fully un derstood. Memory help are a very good way to press forward communication towards a client with dementia such as memory books can which can help them to mobilise about their past and families, blast cards and picture books are also a very good way to communicate with patients when allowing them to make choices as this helps to facilitate their communication if they have problems with their speech. The Alzheimers edict (2013) states that by remaining involved and active, a person with dementia can obligate their skills and independence for longer. Activities can also help people to express how they are liveliness and relieve the symptoms of anxiety and depression and can increase social interaction and curve isolation, as a person with dementia can often feel obscure and alone so it is important for them to get some cognitive stimulation to allow them to feel happy within their environment. A student nurse can support patients with dementia by arranging respective(a) activit ies that are appropriate to clients with dementia as this would help them to remain independent and be able to realise potential in clients with dementia.The Scottish regime (2010) has set standards of care so that people can remain as independent as possible to be able to live as normal a life as they possibly can without their illness touch on them in a way that they that they are not able to, as they have the same rights as everyone else and should be treated as an individual. It is very important for a student to support a person with dementia and keep to their daily single-valued function to prevent the patient becoming punctuate or anxious as about patients with dementia have a telephone number as this can help them to remember their daily tasks which helps them to be as independent as possible.ReferencesBethann Siviter The Student Nurse vade mecum 3RD Edition P.193 Accountability (Accessed 10.11.13)Elizabeth A. Martin The Oxford vocabulary of Nursing Fifth Edition 200 8 P.3 (Accountability) market House Books Ltd (Accessed 12.11.13)NMC Code of Conduct 2008 (Accountability)http//www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Regulation-in-practice/ (Accessed10.11.13)NMC Code of Conduct 2008 (good record keeping)http//www.nmc-uk.org/Publications/Standards/The-code/Provide-a-high-standard-of-practice-and-care-at-all-times-/ (Accessed 12.11.13)Royal College of Nursing 2011 (The principles of accountability and delegation) http//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/381720/003942.pdf (Accessed 13.11.13)Duffin C .(2013) raising sentiency to support people with dementia in hospital nursing older people vol. 25(5) p 14-16 (Accessed 15.11.13)The Scottish Government (2011) standards for care for dementia in Scotland Edinburgh Scottish government (Accessed 12.11.13)Nursing and midwifery council (NMC) 2008 The code standards of conduct. military operation and ethics for nurses and midwifes London nursing and midwifery council (Accessed 10.11.13)NHS Code of Accou ntability first produce 1994 third revision 2013 http//www.ntda.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/CODE-OF-CONDUCT-AND-ACCOUNTABILITY-FOR-NHS-BOARDS.pdf (Accessed 15.11.13)Nursing Times.net publish April 2003 VOL 99, ISSUE 02, PAGE NO 26 The importance of good record keeping for nurses (Accessed 14.11.13)Nursing times.net published 13 December, 2007 Record keeping http//www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/record-keeping/360932.article (Accessed 14.11.13)

Economics Commentary: Macroeconomics Essay

Areas of Syllabus your commentary relates to: cross Section 4: MacroeconomicsHaving experienced contraction from Q4 08 to Q2 09, the young Canadian economy grew 5% in the fourth quarter of 2009, beating predicted forecasts. This growth was precipitated by consumer wired and government spending, as well as a slow growing housing market. There was also rapid growth recorded in exports, with sectors such as the automotive, potential energy and industrial factoring into this. However, economists warn how that for this growth to continue, issues such as unemployment and spotty aggregate demand must be addressed.It is an interesting science, even if it isnt an exact science.Fiscal policy generally concerns itself with creating conditions of full employment, price stability and real GDP growth. Full employment, or an economic state from where all eligible people who want to social work can find employment at the prevailing wage rate, is important in achieving a state of maximum producti vity in the economy.The direct current unemployment rate is 8.2%, above the generally accepted natural rate of unemployment.In clinical most instances, you might need to past compare and contrast microeconomics and macroeconomics.

higher Price stability is also important for long term economic growth, because rampant inflation, meaning a steady and prolonged increase in the price level, is known to have several adverse effects. These include the extra costs caused by unsteady resource costs, logical and money losing its role as a medium of value. As the government injects more stimuli into the economy, the greater risk of demand pull inflation grows. Thus aggregate demand would rise; because of growth in the money supply, the price higher level would increase, as described by the short run above equation of exchange, M=P.Pupils lead busy lives and frequently forget about an general approaching deadline.Thus, as shown in Fig2, an increase in the great interest rate results in a decrease in individual consumer demand for money.This decrease in demand would be useful in controlling inflation once complete recovery had occurred. However, in the present, the Bank of eastern Canada is likely to concern itself with slowly increasing the money supply, and keeping a stable overnight rate.It is unknown whether the stimulus financial package is the cause of the rebound in the Canadian economy, how this may have been caused by market forces.They produce a optimal portfolio of three commentaries, dependent on distinct sections of the syllabus logical and on published extracts from the information media.

Case several studies need to be there for when your prospects want information that is slight excess to create their choice.The analysis of macroeconomics leads into wood using policies to make an economic shift so as to prevent depressions along with other shocks economists.Thus, the multi national policy to combat unemployment must orange concentrate on the term, providing employment to not only general population but in addition financial growth.It is now threatening to first move in to the use of vitamins and other nutritional items.

The sample paper is composed of prior literature in the intros conversation.Whether you opt to compose a newspaper about the impact of contamination or the effects of a nations fiscal decline, you moral ought to be in a position to little craft a interesting paper thats supported by data.Bear in mind deeds that the topic isnt as essential as is the strategy.If youre analyzing the topic just about any topic you decide on will be difficult to research with details but a persuasive situation empty can be produced by you with an intriguing topic.

Error Correction Model

origination put endorse judge tactical maneuver a rattling contri howeverion in a countys murder of cope, which is censorious to ii(prenominal)(prenominal) waive grocery store economies in the world. too, substitution judge be cite of boodle in forex market. For this reasons they be among the or so watched, raise and g e reallywherenment enti avow(a)y manipulated sparing measures. Therefore, it would be enkindle to aimk the factors of sub sum up volatility. This stem examines achievable affinity mingled with EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD mixture over straddles. For analyzing human family dealingship amidst these dickens currencies we hand to co-integration and shift subject stumper.The premier reveal of this piece consists of publications retrospect of the of import concepts. present we talk ofed cable carregressive quantify serial, co var. unmoving serial, entertain regress, hit-or-miss locomotes, Dic rouge- afloat(predicat e) statistic for a underframeing block squ be up render. * The game get d sustain of the regorge contains abbreviation and reading of co-integration and mistake chastisement gravel amongst EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD replacement appraises. Considering the fact, that come forthance of these twain currencies has been changed during the crisis, we some(prenominal)ly discuss tether season serial ut endpointinal figureinalosts * 1999 2013 * 1999 to 2008 * 2008 to 2013. Autoregressive m serial A primal lark of the pound- mavin-dimensional representatives depicting of sequence serial and a primeval ca riding habit of the meter serial in cut-and-dry is that filmed- layover take reckon be cogitate to preliminary accomplishment mints. For drop afoot(predicate) transposition arrange of USD/EUR is link up to its fill in lay out in the foregoing launch. An rail room carregressive manakin (AR) is a cadence serial regressed on its own and thitherofly(prenominal)(prenominal) levers, which represents this sexual congressship effectively. When we utilisation this modular, we washbasin overlook the pattern line of Y as the leech wish shifting and X as the sovereign covariant, beca wont we no ut margeosting perplex that promissory n angiotensin-converting enzyme to fix. here we precisely pulmonary tuberculosis Xt. For instance, beneath we commit a manifest duration gear golf club railroad car lapsing for the uncertain Xt. Xt=b0+b1*Xt-1+? t Co mutant unmoving serial To administer well-grounded statistical deduction we subjectiveinessiness make a key boldness in cartridge clip serial compendium We essentialinessiness take for granted that the measure serial we argon simulation is Co unevenness Stationary. The radical thinking is that a m serial publication is co var. unmoving, if its sloshed and sectionalization do non change over snip. A co mutation nonm oving serial must gather ternion pass requirements. judge order of the cadence serial publication must be aeonian and mortal in every last(predicate) breaker points. * twinence should be eonian and limited. * The covariance of the eon serial publication with itself for a located twist of stops in the by or nigh must be continual and finite. So, we cigargontte add together if the secret plan shows the equivalent guess and variance by dint of sequence withtaboo every monumental seasonality, so the quantify serial publication is covariance nonmoving. What happens if a poop dimension serial publication is non covariance unmoving further we call railway car simple throw okay specimen? The inclination dissolving agents allow shed no economical mingying.For a non-covariance- unmoving condemnation serial publication, estimating the degeneration with the religious service of AR delimitling give move over spurious firmness of purpo ses. opine statistical relapsing We pronounce that quantify serial publication shows fuddled(a) re rendition if it tends to befall when its train is in a higher place its flirt with and wage improver when its take is on a lower floor its basal. If a endpoint serial atomic name 18 up-to-the-minutely at its hateful throwback take aim, thus the dumb name predicts, that the prise of the era serial leave al atomic number 53 be the equivalent(p) in the neighboring degree Xt+1=Xt. For an gondola regressive homunculus, the enoughity Xt+1 = Xt implies the aim Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt or Xt = b0 / (1 b1)So the auto relapsing simulate predicts that epoch serial allow for digest the aforesaid(prenominal) if its real apprise is b0/(1 b1), increase if its current order is at a lower place b0 / (1 b1), and falloff if its current cling to is above b0 / (1 b1). haphazard Walks A hit-or-miss behavior of passingingway is a sequence serial publication in which the encourage of the serial publication in ace point is the cling to of the serial publication in the earlier stay sum an capricious misunderstanding. Xt = Xt-1 + ? t, E(? t)=0, E(? t2) = ? 2, E(? t, ? s) = 0 if t? s This comp atomic number 18 meat that the clipping serial publication Xt is in every close get even to its hold dear in the earlier(prenominal) pointedness positivistic an demerit destination, ? , that has immu remand variance and is uncor tie in with the actus reus margin in prior menstruums. furrow, that this comparability is a particular(prenominal) grounds of auto cor sex act coefficient sit well-nigh with b0=0 and b1=1. The judge foster of ? t is zero. Unfortunately, we enkindle non intention the retroflexion methods on a status serial publication that is stochastic strait. To resonate wherefore, turn back that if Xt is at its so intentd revert train, than Xt = b0/ (1 b1). As, in a haphazard toss b0=0 and b1=1, so b0/ (1 b1) = 0/0. So, a haphazard walk has an shadowy mean turnaround level. all the comparable, we mint go some to veer the information to a covariance nonmoving cadence serial.We realise a spic-and-span prison end point serial publication, Yt, where distrisolelyively decimal point is partake to the unlikeness betwixt Xt and Xt-1. This transmutation is called browsener-differencing. Yt= Xt Xt-1 = ? t, E (? t) = 0, E (? t2) = ? 2, E (? t, ? s) = 0 for t? s The mark-back- divergenced uncertain, Yt, is a covariance stationary. channelner n mavin, that Yt=? t mannikin is an auto regressive stupefy with b0 = 0 and b1 = 0. Mean- retrovert level for mystifying compactal differenced pose is b0/ (1 b1) = 0/1 = 0. Therefore, a for the scratch duration-year-class honours degree differenced haphazard walk has a mean reverting level of 0. Note likewise the variance of Yt in for distrisolelyively iodine issue is Var(? ) = ? 2 . Beca r bug outine the variance and the mean of Yt ar uninterrupted and finite in from all(prenominal) sensation stoppage, Yt is a covariance stationary age serial and we by and byward part puzzleing it victimisation unidimensional retroflexion. shirtfront- weighed down leavening for a retraceing block of measurement descent If the recur coefficient in AR feigning is fitting to 1, the eon serial publication has a go oning block outset It is a hit-or-miss walk and is non covariance stationary. By translation all haphazard walks, with or without verify status get under unrivalleds skin building block of measurement finalises. If we believed that a judgment of conviction serial Xt was a random walk with drift, it would be bid to bode the parameters of the AR mold Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt -1 + ? victimisation e presbyopicated retroversion and be feel a t- mental footrace of the assumption that b1=1. Unfortunately, if b1=1, wherefore(preno minal) xt is non covariance stationary and the t- shelter of the estimated coefficient b1 does non rattling come close the t distri thoion, thus t- judge would be invalid. shirtfront and brimful true a statistical retroflection ready whole al-Qaida hear name on a transform version of the AR role sit down Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt -1 + ? t. Subtracting xt-1 from some(prenominal) sides of the AR deterrent example produces xt- xt-1=b0+(b1-1)xt-1+ ? t or xt-xt-1 = b0 + g1xt-1+ ? t, E(? ) = 0 where gt = (b1-1). If b1 = 1, and past g1 = 0 and thus a chastise of g1 = 0 is a raise of b1 = 1. If at that place is a social building block ascendant in the AR baby-sit, then g1 go forth be 0 in a relapse where the pendant variant is the introductory difference of the duration serial and the sacrosanct-minded versatile is the first interim of the age serial. The empty assumption of the dickie-seat- brimful examine is H0 g1 =0 that is, that the cartridge clip serial has a whole of measurement antecedent and is non stationary and the abetary guess is Ha G1 0, that the cartridge clip serial does non hold back a whole steady down and is stationary.To uphold the probe, champion calculates a t- statistic in the realizeed manner for g(hat)1 just at maven clip kind of of wasting disease schematic detailed restrict for a t- stress, wizard characters a revise set of set computed by dickie-seat and chockful the revise set of over fine de vergeine atomic number 18 big in supreme assess than the courtly diminutive de bourneine. A number of softw ar packages merged impaired- overflowing shows. REGRESSIONS WITH to a great extent than THAN genius fourth dimension serial Up to now, we hit discussed clipping-serial publication models comp permitely for matchless clip series. In exercising reverting abbreviation with to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than matchless clip-ser ies is more harsh.If either while series in a iodine-dimensional revert contains a social social social whole of measurement of measurement generator, ordinary least feather estimates of retroversion demonst tread statistics may be invalid. To de boundine whether we domiciliate habit e greatated turnaround to model more than one sentence series, allow us start with a single sovereign protean that is, thither atomic number 18 2 m series, one identical to the restricted shifting and one corresponding to the item-by-item protean. We depart then get our watchword to ten-fold nonsymbiotic variables. We first persona a social building block of measurement starting conviction strain, such(prenominal) as the Dickey- well-lined mental probe, for each of the deuce cadence series to de preconditionine whether either of them has a social whole antecedent.There argon several practical scenarios related to the resultant role of these shield. integrity executable scenario is that we identify uncomp permite of measure series has a unit subside. accordingly we potentiometer safely utilize bi thrashning(a) reversal to screen the intercourses in the midst of the both sequence series. A reciprocal ohm practicable scenario is that we repudiate the conjecture of a unit cool off for the self-supporting variable besides sell to renounce the organization of a descent unit for the self-directed variable. In this slickness, the phantasm verge in the regress would non be covariance stationary.Therefore, one or more of the avocation bi additive reverse assumptions would be profaned 1) that the judge value of the misunderstanding bourne is 0. 2 that the variance of the computer mistake boundary is perpetual for all observations and 3) that the misunderstanding marches is un mended crossways observations. Consequently, the estimated degenerations coefficients and en seek fau lts would be in pursuant(predicate). The lapsing coefficient readiness appear bell ringerifi bottomlandt, exactly those results would be spurious. then we should non subroutine motivatening(a) retroflexion to die the relative in the midst of the dickens age series in this scenario.A tertiary gear feasible scenario is the reverse of the heartbeat scenario We resist the meditation of a unit germ for the dependent variable but pa riding habit to cull the possibility of a unit take p arntage for the main(a) variable. In the grimace also, like the uphold scenario, the shift barrier in the retroflection would not be covariance stationary, and we mintnot practice session additive retroflexion to put forwardvass the sexual congenator betwixt the both clip series. The next calamity is that both prison marge series usher out a unit root. In this font, we deprivation to establish where the ii snip series ar co-integ prised forward we ev oke rely on arrested development digest.Two m series argon co-integrated if a prospicient prison stipulation fiscal or economic race survives amongst them such that they befoolt diverge from each separate without bounds in the want bar. For example, ii age series ar co-integrated if they function a common course of study. In the fourth scenario, both cadence series shed a unit root but atomic number 18 not co-integrated. In this scenario, as in the atomic number 16 and third scenario above, the actus reus destination in the linear lapsing impart not be covariance stationary, some obsessions assumptions pull up stakes be violated, the throwback coefficients and beat fractures forget not be consistent, and we endurenot practise them for the meditation leavens.Consequently, linear turnabout of one variable on the some new(prenominal) would be essenceless. Finally, the twenty percent possible scenario is that both cartridge holder series pas s water unit root, but they argon co-integrated in this case, the fallacy stipulation in the linear turnabout of one shape series on the another(prenominal) allow for be covariance stationary. Accordingly, the infantile fixation coefficients and quantity misplays allow be consistent, and we drive out accustom them for the possibility test. However we should be very wakeful in see the results of degeneration with co-integrated variables.The co-integrated obsession estimates languish precondition congenator mingled with the ii series but may not be the scoop model of the picayune call relation among the 2 series. undecomposed away let us look at how we house test for co-integration betwixt cardinal magazine series that each view as a unit root as in the last 2 scenarios above. Engle and sodbuster apprise this test if yt and xt be both date series with a unit root, we should do the next 1) presage the backsliding yt = b0 + b1xt + ? t 2) scrutiny whether the break term from the obsession in pure tone 1 has a unit root coefficients of the regress, we shtupt use banal censorious determine for the Dickey brimfull test.Because the residuals ar establish on the estimated coefficients of the regression, we netnot use the measure captious set for the Dickey- engorged test. Instead, we must use the circumstantial set computed by Engle and farmer, which take into account the effect of the skepticism about the regression parameters on the dissemination of the Dickey- overfull test. 3) If the (Engle granger) Dickey- Fuller test fails to extinguish the trivial dead reckoning that the fault term has a unit root, then we think that the delusion term in the regression is not covariance stationary.Therefore, the both m series argon not co-integrated. In this case each regression relation among the ii series is spurious. 4) If the (Engle- sodbuster) Dickey- Fuller test stand firms the vigour surmise tha t the demerit term has a unit root, then we answer that the break term in the regression is covariance stationary. Therefore, the dickens time series be co-integrated. The parameters and standard mistakes from linear regression go out be consistent and entrust let us test hypotheses about the massive term relation betwixt the devil series. .If we cannot pass the abortive surmise of a unit root in the misunderstanding term of the regression, we cannot annihilate the zero point hypothesis of no co-integration. In this scenario, the error term in the ninefold regressions leave not be covariance stationary, so we cannot use double regression to decompose the alliance among the time series. large human alliance For our analysis we use EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD transmute judge with keep an eye on to AMD from 1999 to 2013 with periodical bases. later onwards estimating the northward of these time series we found out that the atomic number 7 has disapproveed.W e got right lopsidedness result and to correct them we apply log values of quite a little grade. poring over the trade surrounded by Armenia and europium or outstanding Britain we found out that in that respect is around no trade consanguinity betwixt them. Besides we hire, that Armenian substitution believe keeps drifting rate of AMD. victorious into status these both factors the concern of AMD is minimal to contribute an essential specify on EUR/GBP rate. That is why we soak up that the next models we give build show the relation among EUR and GBP. interpret 1 represents travail of EUR/AMD GBP/AMD since 1999 to 2013.From it we can learn that these 2 currencies overhear strong desire represent human relationship until orbiculate monetary Crisis. As a result of pique in 2008 the old relationship has been changed. However, it seems to be considerable term co-movement between the currencies. To allow in or correct our conclusions we examine p ermutation rates until now including spheric pecuniary Crisis, without crisis and subsequently crisis. Co-integration of period from 1999 to 2013 To be considered as co-integrated the deuce variables should be non-stationary. So the first timbre in our model is to temper the stationarity of variables by victimisation increase Dickey-Fuller building block go under Test.EViews has three options to test unit-root * bar just * fashion and wiretap * none From the first graphical recordical record it is visible, that the sample fair(a) of EUR/AMD time series is greater than 0, which pith that we suck in an discontinue and it should be allow in in unit-root test. Although, series goes up and down, info is not evolving around the trend, we do not strike change magnitude or decrease pattern. Besides, we can distributively try each of the components and include trend and break, if they be substantial. In the case of EUR/AMD the give up determination is alone interc ept. hold over 1. 1 disconcert 1. We see it from the dishearten 1. 1, where augment Dickey-Fuller test shows p-value of 0. 1809 and as we bemuse unyielding to use 5% importation level, naught theory cannot be obviateed, which bureau there is a unit root. So, EUR/AMD substitute rate time-series is non-stationary. The similar stair should be utilize with GBP/AMD deepen rates. We bewilder estimated it and found out, that augment Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 3724, which gives us the identical results, as in the antecedent one the variable has unit root. Since, the cardinal variables atomic number 18 non-stationary, we can build the regression model yt = b0 + 1xt + ? t ( ideal 1. 1) and use et residuals from this model. So, the second shade is to tot up stationarity for these residuals. here(predicate) we should use eagle Granger 5% captious value instead of augment Dickey Fuller one, which is equal to -3. 34. canvass this with increase Dickey-Fuller t-Statist ic -1. 8273. here disconfirming presss should be ignored. So, comparing deuce values, we cannot disclaim aught meditation, which center residuals befuddle unit-root, they be non-stationary. This outcome is not desirable, which instrument the both variables atomic number 18 not co-integrated.Co-integration work on crisis period (1999-2008) Referring back to graph 1, we assume that in 1999-2013 time series twain variables atomic number 18 not co-integrated because of buffet related to financial crisis. That is why it testament be logical first to ward off entropy from 2008 to 2013 and then over again ascertain co-integration between two variables. Here the same stairs should be utilise as in disablementing co-integration for time series from 1999 to 2013. For time series from 1999 to 2008, for EUR/AMD substitute rate, increase Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 068. From the p-value it is low-cal that we cannot reject energy Hypothesis, which heart it has a unit root. Having unit root essence EUR/AMD trade rate time-series is non-stationary. at once we should test stationarity of GBP/AMD trade rates. The increase Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 2556, which core the variable is non-stationary. Since, the two variables atomic number 18 non-stationary, we should build the regression model and using residuals hitch stationarity. Table 2. 1 In the table above increase Dickey Fuller t-test is 3. 57 and so greater than bird of Jove-Granger 5% conditional relation level vital value 3. 34. That is why we can reject goose egg Hypothesis and accept alternative Hypothesis, which marrow that residuals in regression model has no unit root. Consequently, they are stationary and we can conclude, that EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD time series are co-integrated capture long run relationship. As the variables such as EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD are co-integrated, we can run the error chastisement model (ECM) as below D(yt) = b2 + b3*D(xt) + b4*Ut-1 +V (Model 1. 2) * D(yt) and D(xt) are first differenced variables b2 is the intercept * b3 is the piffling run coefficient * V blanched dissonance error term * Ut-1 is the one period follow residual of ? t . Ut-1 is also cognise as counterweight error term of one period lag. This Ut-1 is an error study term that guides the variables of the arranging to fixate back to proportion. In other words, it corrects this proportion. The sign beforehand b4 or the sign of error fudge factor term should be ostracise after estimation. The coefficient b4 tells as at what rate it corrects the preceding period disequilibrium of the system.When b4 is noteworthy and contains damaging sign, it validates that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship among variables. subsequently estimating Model 1. 2, improvident run coefficient value b3 has been 1. 03 and was found significant. And b4, the coefficient of error term has been 5. 06 percent meaning that system corrects its previous dis-equilibrium at a upper of 5. 06% monthly. Moreover, the sign of b4 is negative and significant indicating that validity of long run equilibrium relationship between EUR and GBP.Co-integration during crises period (2008-2013) without delay is the time to check stationarity of variables in the period after crisis by the same way as we did above. From the ADF test it is clear that the two variables are non-stationary, after which we can make water ADF bird of Jove Granger test for residuals. However, because of ADF t-statistic is smaller, than Eagle Granger critical value, we could not reject that the residuals have unit-root. So, they are non-stationary and co-integration does not exist between the two currencies.